مرضیه مرادی عهدیه

Patent trolling emerges as a salient challenge within intellectual property law with the potential to alter trajectories of innovation and market functioning. This study analyzes the phenomenon of patent trolling through a descriptive-analytical, library-based approach, conducting a comparative review of legal and judicial frameworks in the United States, the European Union and Iran. Findings indicate that the activity pattern of patent trolls in the United States is extensive and impactful; it is more limited in the EU and no systematic evidence of organized activity appears in Iran. The analysis identifies key structural drivers of patent trolling, including patents with broad and ambiguous claim scope, deficiencies in examiner and practitioner technical-legal capacity, high litigation costs and the absence of effective screening mechanisms against meritless suits. From an effects perspective, patent trolling places a cost burden on innovation, depresses private R&D investment, constrains market access and exerts upward pressure on competitive barriers. At the same time, under conditions of adequate tra  arency and institutional design, secondary patent markets and intermediary activity can empower small inventors and accelerate commercialization. The study therefore advocates a combined strategy of substantive reform, strengthened post-grant administrative review and enhanced ownership tra  arency. It is contribution lies in mapping relevant institutional forms, providing a focused assessment of Iran and supplying an up-to-date analysis of statutory and judicial mechanisms as a basis for practicable policy recommendations.