عرفان حاج محمدی

This research investigates the application of the Least Squares Monte Carlo (LSMC) method to enhance risk management practices within Protection and Indemnity (P&I) Clubs, which provide liability coverage for maritime operations. The study focuses on key risk factors such as Collision, Crew Claims, RDC/FFO Claims (Running Down Clause/Fixed and Floating Objects), and Cargo Claims, which contribute to the financial uncertainty faced by these clubs.